Before we Begin...
Plagiarism has become a massive problem at the high school level. Plagiarism can give you a zero on a crucial assignment or even get you kicked out of schools. We learned how to summarize information in the last few weeks. Now we need to learn how to paraphrase. This is possibly the most important skill you'll need when writing papers and completing upperclassman work.
What is Paraphrasing?
Let's look at the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing.
HINT: Pretend like you're explaining each sentence to someone who doesn't speak English very well.
How do I rewrite information? Here are some strategies.
All we did was START these paraphrases. They're all too similar to the original. We took the first step, and now we need to complete them.
1. If you’re going to New York for Christmas, be sure to take warm clothes.
Be sure to take warm clothes if you’re going to New York for Christmas.
2. Even though the weather was good, Joan was in a bad mood.
Joan was in a bad mood, even though the weather was good.
3. I had no money, so I borrowed some.
I borrowed some money, because I had none.
1. The way a person dresses affects the impression that other people have.
The way a person dresses influences the image that other people have.
2. That phrase means “in a happy way.”
That expression means “in a cheerful way.”
3. There is little chance that the situation will improve.
There is little possibility that the circumstances will get better.
1. Shaun was disappointed, because the movie wasn’t very good.
Shaun wasn’t satisfied, because the movie wasn’t very good.
2. Japan is not a small country, compared to European countries.
Japan is a large country, compared to European countries.
3. Geri wanted some candy, but there wasn’t any in the bowl.
Geri wanted some candy, but the bowl was empty.
1. Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII. She is one of England’s most famous queens.
Elizabeth I, who was the daughter of Henry VIII, was one of England’s most famous queens.
2. This book is about a woman who pretended to be a man to join the army in World War II. It is one of Lynn’s favorite books.
This book, which is one of Lynn’s favorites, is about a woman who pretended to be a man to join the army in World War II.
3. If you go to London, you should be sure to visit Westminster Abbey, where many of the kings and queens of England, as well as other famous people, are buried.
If you go to London, you should be sure to visit Westminster Abbey. Many kings and queens of England are buried there. Other famous people are buried there, too.
Let's Try it Together!
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=WCN4802
Good vs. bad paraphrasing
What Is a Bad Paraphrase?
A bad paraphrase is one in which you simply substitute certain words with their synonyms, while maintaining the structure of the original quotation. To write a good paraphrase, borrow only the idea -- express the idea in your own words, in your own way.
Why are these paraphrases bad?
Original: The dog jumped over the cat.
Bad paraphrase: The canine hopped over the feline.
Original Quotation: “According to our survey, 30 percent of students agreed that the university should offer a money-back guarantee if students fail to get the job they really want in their field. Another 65 percent felt students should pay the university double if they fail to get all A’s in their coursework, volunteer to work in at least two student organizations, and volunteer in the community, all while holding down a 20-hour week job. A small percent of students were rejected from the survey results for their suggestion that the survey was nonsensical” (Abrams, 1998, p. 45).
Bad Paraphrase: 30% of the students surveyed said that the university should give a money-back guarantee if they did not get the job they want. While 65% said that students ought to pay double when they did not get all A’s, volunteer, and hold down a job for 20 hours a week. A small percentage felt the survey didn’t make any sense (Abrams, 1998).
Original Quotation: "Long-term memory, that immensely complex storehouse, has also been most extensively studied with the use of verbal materials, usually presented in the form of long lists. As we shall see, this approach has resulted in some extremely important findings, but it has also been a bit misleading. After all, remembering lists of words is somewhat different from remembering a conversation, a recipe, or the plot of a movie" (Klatsky, 1975, p.17).
Bad paraphrase: Long term memory is a complex storehouse that has been studied extensively using verbal materials presented in the form of long lists. While this approach has resulted in some important findings, it has been misleading. Remembering a list is not like remembering a discussion or a movie (Klatsky, 1975).
Appropriate paraphrase: Researchers usually study long term memory by having subjects attempt to recall aloud items from long lists. Because such a task is different in important ways from the kinds of tasks long term memory is usually called upon to perform, our findings are somewhat questionable (Klatsky, 1975).
Plagiarism has become a massive problem at the high school level. Plagiarism can give you a zero on a crucial assignment or even get you kicked out of schools. We learned how to summarize information in the last few weeks. Now we need to learn how to paraphrase. This is possibly the most important skill you'll need when writing papers and completing upperclassman work.
What is Paraphrasing?
Let's look at the difference between paraphrasing and summarizing.
- Summarizing, as we already learned, is when you highlight main ideas and a few supporting details in a very short paragraph. Summarizing is about taking something large and condensing it to a very compact form that only covers the key parts.
- Paraphrasing is much different. Paraphrasing is when you take information from another source, put it in your own wording, and tell us where the information came from.
HINT: Pretend like you're explaining each sentence to someone who doesn't speak English very well.
- Original: It took Paul George several years to become an All-Star basketball player.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: Pepperoni and bacon pizza is the best pizza in the entire world. Get it on thin crust.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: After an incredible first two seasons, Heroes quickly turned into the same old thing over and over.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: James Harden, who scored 28 points to go along with 12 rebounds, led his Houston Rockets to victory.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: Mary drank from her water bottle because she was thirsty after the long climb.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: My cat, Simba, can do this incredible trick where he flips into the air and catches a paper ball in his mouth.
- Paraphrase:
- Original: Justin Timberlake was seen helping feed the homeless at a local homeless shelter.
- Paraphrase:
How do I rewrite information? Here are some strategies.
All we did was START these paraphrases. They're all too similar to the original. We took the first step, and now we need to complete them.
- Changing word order
1. If you’re going to New York for Christmas, be sure to take warm clothes.
Be sure to take warm clothes if you’re going to New York for Christmas.
2. Even though the weather was good, Joan was in a bad mood.
Joan was in a bad mood, even though the weather was good.
3. I had no money, so I borrowed some.
I borrowed some money, because I had none.
- Using synonyms
1. The way a person dresses affects the impression that other people have.
The way a person dresses influences the image that other people have.
2. That phrase means “in a happy way.”
That expression means “in a cheerful way.”
3. There is little chance that the situation will improve.
There is little possibility that the circumstances will get better.
- Using negatives or opposite expressions
1. Shaun was disappointed, because the movie wasn’t very good.
Shaun wasn’t satisfied, because the movie wasn’t very good.
2. Japan is not a small country, compared to European countries.
Japan is a large country, compared to European countries.
3. Geri wanted some candy, but there wasn’t any in the bowl.
Geri wanted some candy, but the bowl was empty.
- Combining or separating sentences
1. Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII. She is one of England’s most famous queens.
Elizabeth I, who was the daughter of Henry VIII, was one of England’s most famous queens.
2. This book is about a woman who pretended to be a man to join the army in World War II. It is one of Lynn’s favorite books.
This book, which is one of Lynn’s favorites, is about a woman who pretended to be a man to join the army in World War II.
3. If you go to London, you should be sure to visit Westminster Abbey, where many of the kings and queens of England, as well as other famous people, are buried.
If you go to London, you should be sure to visit Westminster Abbey. Many kings and queens of England are buried there. Other famous people are buried there, too.
Let's Try it Together!
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=WCN4802
Good vs. bad paraphrasing
What Is a Bad Paraphrase?
A bad paraphrase is one in which you simply substitute certain words with their synonyms, while maintaining the structure of the original quotation. To write a good paraphrase, borrow only the idea -- express the idea in your own words, in your own way.
Why are these paraphrases bad?
Original: The dog jumped over the cat.
Bad paraphrase: The canine hopped over the feline.
Original Quotation: “According to our survey, 30 percent of students agreed that the university should offer a money-back guarantee if students fail to get the job they really want in their field. Another 65 percent felt students should pay the university double if they fail to get all A’s in their coursework, volunteer to work in at least two student organizations, and volunteer in the community, all while holding down a 20-hour week job. A small percent of students were rejected from the survey results for their suggestion that the survey was nonsensical” (Abrams, 1998, p. 45).
Bad Paraphrase: 30% of the students surveyed said that the university should give a money-back guarantee if they did not get the job they want. While 65% said that students ought to pay double when they did not get all A’s, volunteer, and hold down a job for 20 hours a week. A small percentage felt the survey didn’t make any sense (Abrams, 1998).
Original Quotation: "Long-term memory, that immensely complex storehouse, has also been most extensively studied with the use of verbal materials, usually presented in the form of long lists. As we shall see, this approach has resulted in some extremely important findings, but it has also been a bit misleading. After all, remembering lists of words is somewhat different from remembering a conversation, a recipe, or the plot of a movie" (Klatsky, 1975, p.17).
Bad paraphrase: Long term memory is a complex storehouse that has been studied extensively using verbal materials presented in the form of long lists. While this approach has resulted in some important findings, it has been misleading. Remembering a list is not like remembering a discussion or a movie (Klatsky, 1975).
Appropriate paraphrase: Researchers usually study long term memory by having subjects attempt to recall aloud items from long lists. Because such a task is different in important ways from the kinds of tasks long term memory is usually called upon to perform, our findings are somewhat questionable (Klatsky, 1975).
Paraphrasing Famous Quotes and Sayings
1. If you look closely at a tree you'll notice it's knots and dead branches, just like our bodies. What we learn is that beauty and imperfection go together wonderfully. --Matthew Fox
2. Every night on the court I give my all, and if I'm not giving 100 percent, I criticize myself. --LeBron James
3. "I realize that as the quarterback, you have to assume some sort of leadership role because you have to talk in the huddle on every play, and you're essentially giving out orders to the team. But in my mind, I have to prove myself on the field before I can start asserting a leadership role.” --Andrew Luck
4. The best thing about the future is that it comes one day at a time. --Abraham Lincoln
5. Sometimes you want to give up the guitar, you'll hate the guitar. But if you stick with it, you're gonna be rewarded.
--Jimi Hendrix
6. My favorite things in life don't cost any money. It's really clear that the most precious resource we all have is time.
--Steve Jobs
7. A boo is a lot louder than a cheer. If you have 10 people cheering and one person booing, all you hear is the booing. --Lance Armstrong
8. I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed.
--Michael Jordan
9. To help a friend in need is easy, but to give him your time is not always opportune. --Charlie Chaplin
10. Give to everyone who begs from you; and of him who takes away your goods do not ask them again. And as you wish that men would do to you, do so to them. --Jesus Christ
11. I ain't the same person I was when I bit that guy's ear off. --Mike Tyson
12. A career is wonderful, but you can't curl up with it on a cold night. --Marilyn Monroe
1. If you look closely at a tree you'll notice it's knots and dead branches, just like our bodies. What we learn is that beauty and imperfection go together wonderfully. --Matthew Fox
2. Every night on the court I give my all, and if I'm not giving 100 percent, I criticize myself. --LeBron James
3. "I realize that as the quarterback, you have to assume some sort of leadership role because you have to talk in the huddle on every play, and you're essentially giving out orders to the team. But in my mind, I have to prove myself on the field before I can start asserting a leadership role.” --Andrew Luck
4. The best thing about the future is that it comes one day at a time. --Abraham Lincoln
5. Sometimes you want to give up the guitar, you'll hate the guitar. But if you stick with it, you're gonna be rewarded.
--Jimi Hendrix
6. My favorite things in life don't cost any money. It's really clear that the most precious resource we all have is time.
--Steve Jobs
7. A boo is a lot louder than a cheer. If you have 10 people cheering and one person booing, all you hear is the booing. --Lance Armstrong
8. I've missed more than 9000 shots in my career. I've lost almost 300 games. 26 times, I've been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I've failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed.
--Michael Jordan
9. To help a friend in need is easy, but to give him your time is not always opportune. --Charlie Chaplin
10. Give to everyone who begs from you; and of him who takes away your goods do not ask them again. And as you wish that men would do to you, do so to them. --Jesus Christ
11. I ain't the same person I was when I bit that guy's ear off. --Mike Tyson
12. A career is wonderful, but you can't curl up with it on a cold night. --Marilyn Monroe
Paraphrasing Song Lyrics - Don't get caught up in the lined format. Figure out what the singer is saying, and then put it into your own words.
"Can't Hold Us" - Macklemore
Here we go back, this is the moment
Tonight is the night, we’ll fight till it’s over
So we put our hands up like the city can’t hold us
like the ceiling can’t hold us
"Mirrors" - Justin Timberlake
It's like you're my mirror, oh, oh
My mirror staring back at me, oh, oh
I couldn't get any bigger, oh, oh
With anyone else beside me, oh, oh
"Radioactive" - Imagine Dragons
I'm waking up to ash and dust
I wipe my brow and I sweat my rust
I'm breathing in the chemicals
I'm breaking in, shaping up, checking out on the prison bus
This is it, the apocalypse
"Stay" - Rihanna
Not really sure how to feel about it
Something in the way you move
Makes me feel like I can't live without you
It takes me all the way
I want you to stay
"Cruise" - Florida Georgia Line
Baby, you a song
You make me wanna roll my windows down
And cruise
Down a back road blowin stop signs through
The middle of every little farm town with you
"22" - Taylor Swift
Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you
You don't know about me but I bet you want to
Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22
"Mama's Broken Heart" - Miranda Lambert
Go & fix your make up, girl it's just a break up
Run & hide your crazy & start actin like a lady
Cause I raised you better, gotta keep it together
Even when you fall apart
Group Review Sentences:
SET ONE
1. Dang it! Who typed the question mark on the teleprompter?
2. I decided to ride the pony; it was a poor choice.
3. Give me my Snickers.
4. I brought the following things on my wilderness adventure: a knife, a package of protein bars, a Chinese finger trap, and a Slinky.
5. My remote control died just as Glee was about to come on.
SET TWO
1. Whoa! He totally beefed it!
2. When can we watch the season finale of American Idol?
3. That Oreo was on the ground for more than five seconds.
4. My fanny pack contained a bottle of pepper spray, a laser pointer, and a tube of Chap Stick.
5. The Cardinals are stacked with outfielders: Carlos Beltran, Allen Craig, Jon Jay, and Matt Holliday.
How to Paraphrase Articles When you paraphrase from articles or sources, you must ALWAYS cite your sources. Let's look at how you can paraphrase from a source.
"Shoppers face tough choices over Bangladesh" by Emily Jane Fox
It is hard for American shoppers to avoid buying clothes made in unsafe factories abroad.That's because just about all, or 98%, of clothes sold in the U.S. are made overseas, according to the Apparel and Footwear Association. Also, companies don't tell consumers if any of their suppliers violate safety standards.
PARAPHRASE:
"Google Glass, the beginning of wearable surveillance" by Michael Chertoff
imagine that millions of Americans walk around each day wearing the equivalent of a drone on their head: a device capable of capturing video and audio recordings of everything that happens around them. And imagine that these devices upload the data to large-scale commercial enterprises that are able to collect the recordings from each and every American and integrate them together to form a minute-by-minute tracking of the activities of millions.
PARAPHRASE:
Practice in small groups: From ESPN.com
CHICAGO -- Down and just about out, the Brooklyn Nets are suddenly on quite a roll. And it just might carry them to the next round.
Deron Williams, Brook Lopez and Joe Johnson each scored 17 points, and the Nets again avoided elimination, beating the short-handed Chicago Bulls 95-92 Thursday to tie their first-round series at 3.
JC Penney Reintroduces Fake Prices (and Lots of Coupons Too, Of Course) By Brad Tuttle
In early 2012, JC Penney promised the end of “fake prices”—ones that were inflated just so that shoppers could be tricked into thinking the inevitable discounts represented amazing deals. Well, it’s already time to welcome back discounts and inflated prices alike.
Now try it on your own:
Article for Paraphrasing
"Can't Hold Us" - Macklemore
Here we go back, this is the moment
Tonight is the night, we’ll fight till it’s over
So we put our hands up like the city can’t hold us
like the ceiling can’t hold us
"Mirrors" - Justin Timberlake
It's like you're my mirror, oh, oh
My mirror staring back at me, oh, oh
I couldn't get any bigger, oh, oh
With anyone else beside me, oh, oh
"Radioactive" - Imagine Dragons
I'm waking up to ash and dust
I wipe my brow and I sweat my rust
I'm breathing in the chemicals
I'm breaking in, shaping up, checking out on the prison bus
This is it, the apocalypse
"Stay" - Rihanna
Not really sure how to feel about it
Something in the way you move
Makes me feel like I can't live without you
It takes me all the way
I want you to stay
"Cruise" - Florida Georgia Line
Baby, you a song
You make me wanna roll my windows down
And cruise
Down a back road blowin stop signs through
The middle of every little farm town with you
"22" - Taylor Swift
Everything will be alright if you keep me next to you
You don't know about me but I bet you want to
Everything will be alright if we just keep dancing like we're 22
"Mama's Broken Heart" - Miranda Lambert
Go & fix your make up, girl it's just a break up
Run & hide your crazy & start actin like a lady
Cause I raised you better, gotta keep it together
Even when you fall apart
Group Review Sentences:
SET ONE
1. Dang it! Who typed the question mark on the teleprompter?
2. I decided to ride the pony; it was a poor choice.
3. Give me my Snickers.
4. I brought the following things on my wilderness adventure: a knife, a package of protein bars, a Chinese finger trap, and a Slinky.
5. My remote control died just as Glee was about to come on.
SET TWO
1. Whoa! He totally beefed it!
2. When can we watch the season finale of American Idol?
3. That Oreo was on the ground for more than five seconds.
4. My fanny pack contained a bottle of pepper spray, a laser pointer, and a tube of Chap Stick.
5. The Cardinals are stacked with outfielders: Carlos Beltran, Allen Craig, Jon Jay, and Matt Holliday.
How to Paraphrase Articles When you paraphrase from articles or sources, you must ALWAYS cite your sources. Let's look at how you can paraphrase from a source.
"Shoppers face tough choices over Bangladesh" by Emily Jane Fox
It is hard for American shoppers to avoid buying clothes made in unsafe factories abroad.That's because just about all, or 98%, of clothes sold in the U.S. are made overseas, according to the Apparel and Footwear Association. Also, companies don't tell consumers if any of their suppliers violate safety standards.
PARAPHRASE:
"Google Glass, the beginning of wearable surveillance" by Michael Chertoff
imagine that millions of Americans walk around each day wearing the equivalent of a drone on their head: a device capable of capturing video and audio recordings of everything that happens around them. And imagine that these devices upload the data to large-scale commercial enterprises that are able to collect the recordings from each and every American and integrate them together to form a minute-by-minute tracking of the activities of millions.
PARAPHRASE:
Practice in small groups: From ESPN.com
CHICAGO -- Down and just about out, the Brooklyn Nets are suddenly on quite a roll. And it just might carry them to the next round.
Deron Williams, Brook Lopez and Joe Johnson each scored 17 points, and the Nets again avoided elimination, beating the short-handed Chicago Bulls 95-92 Thursday to tie their first-round series at 3.
JC Penney Reintroduces Fake Prices (and Lots of Coupons Too, Of Course) By Brad Tuttle
In early 2012, JC Penney promised the end of “fake prices”—ones that were inflated just so that shoppers could be tricked into thinking the inevitable discounts represented amazing deals. Well, it’s already time to welcome back discounts and inflated prices alike.
Now try it on your own:
Article for Paraphrasing
article_paraphrasing.docx | |
File Size: | 92 kb |
File Type: | docx |